An Australian-made rover will explore the Moon as early as 2026 in the country's first foray into lunar exploration.
Australia has signed a deal with NASA to develop a small rover that will have the ability to pick up lunar rock and dust and bring it back to a moon lander operated by NASA.
The lunar soil, or regolith, is expected to contain oxygen in the form of oxide and -- using separate equipment -- NASA will aim to extract oxygen from the samples. "This is a key step towards establishing a sustainable human presence on the Moon, as well supporting future missions to Mars," the Australian government said in a statement.
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The agreement, which includes a contribution of 50 million Australian dollars ($37 million), is part of Australia's Moon to Mars initiative. "This is lunar history for Australia. We're going to see Australian businesses, researchers, design and build a rover that's going to go to the moon and do some interesting science," Enrico Palermo, head of the Australian Space Agency, told Australia's "Today" breakfast television show.
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Palermo said Australia is "at the cutting-edge of robotics technology and systems for remote operations, which are going to be central to setting up a sustainable presence on the Moon and eventually supporting human exploration of Mars."
NASA Administrator Bill Nelson said the deal with Australia broadens the coalition of countries that is supporting humanity's return to the moon under the Artemis program.
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"By working together with the Australian Space Agency and our partners around the world, NASA will uncover more discoveries and accomplish more research through the Artemis program," Nelson said in a statement.
The goal of Artemis is to land the first woman and next man on the moon by 2024 -- although that deadline may not be feasible because of problems with spacesuits, an August report by the NASA watchdog warned.
Artemis relies on partnerships, both international and commercial, to create a sustainable and lasting presence of humans on and around the moon, with the goal of eventually using lessons learned from Artemis to land the first people on Mars.
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NASA's goal of returning American astronauts to the moon by 2024 isn't feasible because of significant delays in developing spacesuits, NASA Inspector General Paul K. Martin said in a new report.
Even though NASA will have spent more than a billion dollars on the next-generation spacesuits, Martin concluded that the "suits would not be ready for flight until April 2025 at the earliest" and are "years away from completion."
The report attributes the delays to funding shortfalls, Covid-19 impacts and technical challenges. Currently, there are 27 different companies supplying various components for the suits. SpaceX's Elon Musk said on Twitter that the report makes it seem "like too many cooks in the kitchen," adding that "SpaceX could do it if need be."
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SpaceX won a $2.9 billion contract from NASA in April to develop the lunar lander for the Artemis program. But the awarding of that contract was delayed due to a protest from two competitors, Blue Origin and Dynetics. The inspector general said those protests, combined with delays to NASA's Space Launch System and Orion Capsule, also contributed to NASA's inability to meet its goal of a 2024 landing. The issues have resulted in approximately 20 months of delay to the flight suit delivery schedule, according to the report.
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Current NASA Administrator Bill Nelson addressed the 2024 readiness question during a recent interview with CNN's Rachel Crane.
"I'm soberly realistic. The goal is 2024, but space is hard. And we know when you are pushing the edge of the envelope, often there are delays. There's a No. 1 factor and that's safety, and it's involving humans. There might be a delay, but the goal is late 2024."
Former NASA Deputy Administrator Lori Garver has previously criticized the 2024 time line and compared the Artemis program to the parable of the emperor with no clothes.
In response to the release of the report, Garver told CNN, "Unfortunately, I don't think the emperor has many clothes left on under the spacesuit either."
An audit was carried out between August 2020 and July 2021 to examine the development of NASA's next-generation spacesuits required for the International Space Station and Artemis missions that will return humans to the moon later this decade.
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The development of new spacesuits is critical for "returning humans to the Moon, continuing safe operations on the International Space Station, and exploring Mars and other deep space locations," according to the report.
These Extravehicular Mobility Units, or EMUs, include the spacesuit and hardware that astronauts use to connect to the ISS and other spacecraft.
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"Currently, astronauts use EMUs designed 45 years ago for the Space Shuttle Program and rely on these refurbished and partially redesigned spacesuits for extravehicular activities on the ISS," according to the report.
The development of new spacesuit technology has been ongoing at NASA for the last 14 years. Five years ago, work began on the Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Units, or xEMU project. Two flight-ready xEMUs, as well as a test suit and a demo suit for the ISS, are also needed ahead of this historic lunar landing.
The report noted that the failure to complete the suits ahead of the November 2024 planned mission, known as Artemis III, isn't the only factor impacting the schedule.
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To make sure the xEMUs are completed, the report made four recommendations including adjusting the schedule to reduce development risks and creating a master schedule that brings hardware and training needs together. The document also suggests "ensuring technical requirements for the next-generation suits are solidified before selecting the acquisition strategy to procure suits for the ISS and Artemis programs" and making sure that strategy meets the needs of both programs.
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"The lunar landing relies on the HLS Program, which is early in the design phase, but has specific requirements for the technical capability, functionality, and overall size of the suits," according to the report. "However, the suits are also needed as soon as possible by the ISS Program to replace aging suits that have exceeded their design life by more than 25 years, necessitating costly maintenance to ensure astronaut safety. Thus far, NASA has struggled to align these schedules with mission needs."
After receiving a draft of the report, NASA management agreed with the recommendations and has plans to address them.
"NASA intends to perform a demonstration prior to the first Artemis crewed mission" by June 2022, according a letter from Kathryn Lueders, NASA's Associate Administrator of the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, that was included in the report. The agency released a statement on Tuesday addressing the report.
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"Sending the first woman and first person of color to the lunar surface and establishing a long-term presence at the Moon under Artemis is a priority for NASA. The agency is evaluating the current budget and schedule for Artemis missions and will provide an update later this year," according to the statement.
The goal to land the first woman and the next man on the moon was established by the Trump administration originally for 2028, then moved up to November 2024. In addition to adopting the goal, the Biden administration added seeking to land the first person of color on the moon to the program's goal.
Were you surprised they contested the outcome?
No, usually, these big contracts like this are contested. Whether it's military launch contracts or NASA contracts.
But if the GAO rules in favor of those who are protesting the contract, It would potentially really delay the Artemis lunar landing because you would start the contracting process over.
But nevertheless, to your point about money: NASA will need more money to have contract competition continue over the next decade, with many landings on the moon. There is an opportunity for the Congress to do that. And a good opportunity is the jobs bill that Congress is considering right now.
NASA would certainly be eligible to be put into jobs. And I've actually discussed that with members of the House and the Senate. The question is can they pass it? Stay tuned.
The fact that it's the richest men in the world that we're talking about here — Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos — and they're receiving billions of dollars in public funding, that's a tough pill during such difficult economic times. So how do you reconcile that, and how do you convince the public that these are essential programs?
We reconcile it by recognizing what these companies are contributing to — not only our space program — but to the development of technology. Along comes SpaceX, and they say we can bring astronauts and cargo to the International Space Station. And indeed, they are now transporting cargo and crew, and it is costing NASA a fraction of what it would have been costing.
These billionaires, that you call them, are putting their wealth into the research and development of the space program. We're going to see the cost come down.
Another example, SpaceX is launching Department of Defense satellites to protect us. Cost has come way down because of competition in the marketplace.
NASA's own rocket, Space Launch System (SLS), has cost the government billions and billions and is years behind schedule, and it has yet to take flight. SpaceX is working on Starship and making rapid progress. These rockets can theoretically do the same tasks. Do you think that Starship could make SLS obsolete?
Maybe Starship will be ready to fly, but they have not flown the first stage of the rocket.
But the Space Launch System is, as we speak, being stacked in the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center, and at the end of this year, it is going to fly.
So when is Starship going to fly? I hope they fly soon. But we've got to have a way to get our astronauts up to the moon, and we're going to do the first unmanned test launch of Space Launch System at the end of the year.
Do you see a future in which Starship surpasses SLS?
I hope we see a competition. And if Starship is cheaper and better than SLS, then that's something always to consider for the foreseeable future.
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